Critical Analysis of the Use of Fate Imagery in The Tale of Kieu Essay

Critical Analysis of the Use of Fate Imagery in The Tale of Kieu - Essay Example In most cases, abstract imagery bears imposed characteristic. Fate imagery is one of the abstract imageries that have been traditionally used in literature all over the world from the very beginning of human civilization. In Nguyen Du’s â€Å"The Tale of Kieu† fate imagery plays a very crucial role in the development of the theme of the poem. I say this because in â€Å"the Tale of Kieu† fate has been portrayed as a villain that inflicts pains, sufferings and miseries upon the protagonist, Kieu. Indeed it is fate that takes a test of Kieu’s virtues and psychological strength. To a great extent, fate appears as a scapegoat which, in a number of ways, serves as the replacement of the oppressive patriarchy. Very often Kieu tends to blame her fate for the pains and sufferings in her life. In a male dominated society she is conventionally accustomed to accept the male hegemony as it is. Though her sufferings are mainly induced by her male counterparts, she fail s to acknowledge them as the root cause of her sufferings. She accuses fate of causing sufferings to women, while ignoring the inferior position women subjugated by men: â€Å"Since ages out of mind, / harsh fate has cursed all women, sparing none. / As I see her lie there, it hurts to think / what will become of me in later days.† (Line 106-110) Kieu believes that women are cursed by fate for ages. She is fully aware of the legacy of the social injustice that women have had to face. She knows that she is also destined to face the same fate: â€Å"As I see her lie there, it hurts to think / what will become of me in later days† (Line 109110). Indeed Kieu’s view of â€Å"cursed womanhood† is the reflection of what Confucian patriarchy teaches them to think of themselves. In Confucian women are viewed as some existence that is both physically and mentally fragile and frail. They are beautiful but weak. Therefore they should be under tutelage of their male g uardians such father, brother or husband. They should go against the decision of their male guardians. A girl needs the guardianship more than a boy does, because she is fated to be such. For Kieu, fate is somewhat that equals to God to a great extent. In some cases fate seems to be God’s decision. She believes that either fate or God is responsible for cursed womanhood. When Dam Tien’s lover mourns at her deathbed saying, â€Å"Harsh is the fate that has kept us apart! / Since in this life we are not meant to meet, / let me pledge you my troth for our next life† (Line 74-76), he essentially refers to heavenly decision. Indeed fate’s association with God’s decision is evident in the following lines in which she directly accuses God of being cruel: â€Å"How sorrowful is women's lot! -she cried / We all partake of woe, our common fate. / Creator, why are you so mean and cruel / blighting green days and fading rose-fresh cheeks?† (Line 82-5) I n these lines, â€Å"Creator† or God is directly held responsible for â€Å"women’s sorrowful lot†. Kieu considers God’s decision as women’s â€Å"common fate†. She believes that god is responsible for â€Å"fading rose-fresh cheeks†. Indeed the frequent of fate imagery in â€Å"the Tale of Kieu†, contributes a lot to the portrayal of the faith of Confucian society

Human Factors Engineering †Geriatrics Essay Example for Free

Human Factors Engineering – Geriatrics Essay Professionals in gerontology and geriatrics estimate that by the middle of the 21st century, more than 60 million of people in the United States will be older than 65. Many of these people will cross the 85-age-line (Schulz, 2007). In this context, old people do not simply live longer, but remain active and productive and strive to preserve their individual independence even in older age. Obviously, these demographic shifts are extremely challenging to society. As long as the process of aging is associated with biological, psychological, physiological, and cognitive changes, older people face a whole set of issues, when trying to preserve stability of their links with the real-world environments. These are often impossible without using technologies. Human factors engineering is expected to make valuable contribution in geriatrics, making aging population less vulnerable to the abovementioned changes, and enhancing the quality of life among older adults. As a multidisciplinary science, human factors engineering is about numerous issues, but in this work special attention will be given to home and work activities (social aspects of human factors engineering), as well as the problems older people may experience with vision and hearing (individual aspects of human factors engineering). To begin with, â€Å"human factors engineering is the study of human beings and their interactions with products, environments, and equipment in the performance of tasks and activities† (Schulz, 2007). It is a multidisciplinary field in that it encompasses the disciplines of psychology, physiology, engineering, biomechanics, and computer science. Regardless of whether in aging, in pediatrics, or in adulthood, human factors engineering seeks to identify specific human capabilities, their limitations associated with age, the impact of these limitations on individuals’ interactions with the real-world environments, and the ways of improving these interactions. When it comes to geriatrics as the science of aging, human factors engineering is to address the four essential aspects, which actually shape an older person’s reality: work, home, transportation, and product design (Schulz, 2007). Some authors also include communication, safety and security, and leisure into the list of critical human factors engineering elements in aging (Czaja, 1990). Certainly, home and home activities present the greatest challenges to older people. Against a common belief, many older people live alone and have to cope (or even to fight) with a whole set of home activities. Apart from living alone, many older people are likely to spend most of their time at home, and many of them will also face a difficulty in performing even simple tasks like bathing, cooking, washing, cleaning, etc. The most common home traumas include falls, burns (e. g. from cooking), and poisoning from gases and vapors (Czaja, 1990). Given that to live alone for older people means to preserve their individuality, and that performing their home tasks without external assistance works to enhance their self-esteem, several technological and social solutions can help older people cope with these challenges. First of all, appropriate home design may substantially reduce the risk of traumas; convenient stairways, better lighting, handrails – all these can successfully remedy human factors issues in geriatrics (Schulz, 2007). Second, when it comes to household chores, a range of in-home services including delivered meals and home health visits can â€Å"extend the ability of the elderly to live independently† (Czaja, 1990). However, older people’s striving to independence is not limited to home activities. Work remains one of the critical factors of social and individual success later in life. Objectively, and in the light of the current demographic trends, businesses are no longer able to design work environments in a way that fits both younger and older workers; â€Å"clearly, most businesses and industries now need to develop strategies to accommodate an aging workforce† (Schulz, 2007). In this context, the two essential individual factors of aging come into place. First, business owners face a challenge of compensating for age-related visual deficits. Second, they are also bound to comply and cope with hearing issues in older workers. These two aspects are fairly regarded as the two most important human engineering factors of aging (Charness Schaie, 2003). It is difficult to deny the fact that the changes in peripheral vision, color perceptions, motion perceptions, as well as anatomical changes in hearing, the loss of frequency and intensity of sound perceptions, as well as distorted sound localization may significantly reduce and even discriminate against the older worker’s desire and ability to work. At the same time, more and more older people remain in the workforce; many of them undertake part-time jobs. Not only does work help older people preserve their individuality and independence, but it also relieves the social and unemployment burden at the state and federal levels (Czaja, 1990). That is why businesses do not have any other choice but to seek effective human factors engineering solutions to cope with the discussed issues. Unfortunately, although the amount of information about aging is affluent, the data on the implications of aging for work is rather scarce. Generally, books on human factors engineering refer to ergonomic considerations (better workplace design, accommodation, and possible use of assistive technologies), equipment redesign, and possible training needs (Schulz, 2007). These, however, do not address such factors of aging in work environments as absenteeism and turnover (Czaja, 1990). As a result, when it comes to work environments, jobs for older people should be designed to help them preserve their productivity and remain a part of the workforce, even when the need to be absent from work arises. For example, the use of computer technologies could help older people take jobs that do not require leaving their homes. When it comes to vision and hearing issues, a range of information processing computer software could be utilized to enhance the quality of older people’s interactions with the real world (Charness Schaie, 2003). In similar ways, technology can be successfully used to help older people train their memory, cognitive skills, and attention. For example, older people can be trained to use computer technologies as a part of their attention and memory improvement strategies. Similar recommendations can also cover the areas of communication, transportation, and leisure. Unfortunately, professional human factors engineering research is only at the initial stage of its evolution, and whether older people are given a chance to participate in the major life activities also depends on how well human factors engineering professionals will perform in terms of empirical and practical research. Also, how well businesses and authorities use and implement recommendations and requirements presented as a result of human factors engineering research will predetermine older’ people success in socialization, work, communication and other life activities. Conclusion Human factors engineering is a multidisciplinary science that studies the ways in which humans interact with different environments. When it comes to geriatrics, human factors engineering is expected to study older people’s work and personal capabilities, their limitations, and the ways of addressing and overcoming them. Given that more and more older people live alone and strive to keep their jobs as a matter of better self-esteem and independence, many of them may face serious challenges associated with inevitable physiological biological, cognitive, and mechanical changes. Although the data regarding possible human factors solutions is rather limited, it is very probable that the nearest decade will give older people broader opportunities for self-realization in various social domains, from work to leisure and communication.

Fifth Business1 Essay -- Essays Papers

Fifth Business1 Canadian Heritage Commercial A railroad line is shown in the background as workers slave away at finishing the Canadian Pacific Rail line, which will run through all of Canada. Finally, the last stake is driven into the rail line thus completing it, rendering it useful for many years to come and effecting the lives of many in the present and future. The purpose of this essay is to reveal the importance of Canadian history in the novel Fifth Business by Robertson Davies. Fifth Business was written as a reflection of Robertson Davies’s life but also serves as a viewpoint of Canadian life in the early twentieth century. The novel is written accordingly to sequence of events in Canadian history; this allows Davies to shape the plot of the novel around these historical events. Canadian history plays a large role in the first half of the novel, which launches Dunstan Ramsay into a series of trials that develop his character and personality. Such as the Canadian Pacific Railway had united Canada, the same history would link the characters together, develop the characters, and drive the plot of the novel. The two most important historical events within the novel are The Great Depression and World War I. During The Great Depression, many individuals were had lost their fortunes and property due to the crash in the stock market. Many could not even merely afford to buy anything but necessities such as food. Luckily, Boy Staunton was unaffe...

Ch01 Organizations and Organization Theory

Chapter 1: Organizations and Organization Theory Current Challenges of Organizations †¢ Globalization o Markets, technologies, and organizations are becoming increasingly interconnected †¢ Ethics and social responsibility o The list of execs and major corporations involved in financial and ethical scandals continues to grow †¢ Speed of responsiveness o Globalization and advancing technology has accelerated the pace at which organizations in all industries must roll out new products and services to stay competitive †¢ The digital workplace In today’s workplace, many employees perform much of their work on computers and may work in virtual teams, connected electronically to colleagues around the world †¢ Diversity o By 2050, it is estimated that 85% of entrants into the workforce will be women and people of colour What Is an Organization? Organizations: social entities that are goal-directed, are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activi ty system, and are linked to the external environment Types of Organizations †¢ Multinational corporations †¢ Small, family-owned shops †¢ For-profit versus non-profit organizationsOrganizations exist to do the following: 1. Bring together resources to achieve desired goals and outcomes 2. Produce goods and services efficiently 3. Facilitate innovation 4. Use modern manufacturing and information technologies 5. Adapt to influence a changing environment 6. Create value for owners, customers, and employees 7. Accommodate ongoing challenges of diversity, ethics, and the motivation and coordination of employees Perspectives on Organizations Closed System †¢ A system that is autonomous, enclosed, and not dependent on its environment †¢ Don’t truly exist today Early management concepts such as scientific management, leadership style, and industrial engineering were closed-system approaches Open System †¢ A system that must interact with the environment to survive †¢ It both consumes resources and exports resources to the environment, and must continually adapt to the environment An Open System and its Subsystems [pic] Organization Configuration †¢ Technical core o Includes people who do the basic work of the organization o The primary transformation of inputs to outputs occurs here o Includes production department, teachers and classes, medical activities in hospitals, etc. Technical Support o Helps the organization adapt to the environment o Technical support employees such as engineers and researchers scan the environment for problems, opportunities, and technological developments o Responsible for creating innovations in the technical core †¢ Administrative Support o Responsible for the smooth operation and upkeep of the organization, including its physical and human elements o Includes HR activities like recruiting and hiring, making compensation/benefit plans, employee training, etc. †¢ Management A disti nct subsystem responsible for directing and coordinating other parts of the organization o Top management provides direction, strategy, goals, and policies for the entire organization or major divisions o Middle management is responsible for implementation and coordination at the departmental level [pic] Dimensions of Organization Design Structural Dimensions 1. Formalization ? Pertains to the amount of written documentation in the organization, including procedures, job descriptions, regulations, and policy manuals, describing behaviour and activities ?A large state university would be high on formulization and a small, family-owned business would be low on formulization 2. Specialization ? The degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into separate jobs 3. Hierarchy of authority ? Describes who reports to whom and the span of control for each manager ? The hierarchy is related to span of control (the number of employees reporting to a supervisor), and when the span is na rrow, the hierarchy is tall, and vice versa 4. Centralization ? Refers to the hierarchical level that has authority to make a decision ?When decision making is kept at the top level, the organization is centralized ? When decisions are delegated to lower organizational levels, it is decentralized 5. Professionalism ? The level of formal education and training of employees ? It’s considered high when employees require long periods of training ? Professionalism is measured as the average number of years of education of employees 6. Personnel ratios ? Refer to the development of people to various functions and departments ?Includes the administrative ratio, the clerical ratio, the professional staff ratio, and the ratio of indirect to direct labour employees ? A personnel ratio is measured by dividing the number of employees in a classification by the total number of organizational employees [pic] Contextual Dimensions 1. Size ? The organization’s magnitute as reflected i n the number of people in the organization ? Because organization’s are social systems, it’s typically measured by # of employees 2. Organizational technology ? Refers to the tools, techniques, and actions used to transform inputs into outputs ?It concerns how the organization actually produces the products and services and includes things such as flexible manufacturing, advanced info systems, and the Internet 3. Environment ? Includes all elements outside the boundary of the organization ? Key elements include the industry, government, customers, suppliers, and the financial community 4. Goals and Strategies ? Define the purpose and competitive techniques that set it apart from other organizations ? Goals are written down as an enduring statement of company intent ?A strategy is the plan of action that describes resource allocation and activities for dealing with the environment and for reaching the organization’s goals 5. Culture ? The underlying set of key va lues, beliefs, understandings, and norms shared by employees ? These values may pertain to ethical behaviour, commitment to employees, efficiency, or customer service Performance and Effectiveness Outcomes †¢ Managers adjust structural and contextual dimensions and organizational subsystems to most efficiently and effectively transform inputs into outputs nd provide value †¢ Efficiency refers to the amount of resources used to achieve the organization’s goals, and it is based on the quantity of inputs necessary to produce a given level of output †¢ Effectiveness is the degree to which an organization achieves its goals †¢ Stakeholder is any group within or outside an organization that has a stake in the organization’s performance †¢ Stakeholder approach assesses the satisfaction of stakeholders as an indicator of the organization’s performance (also called constituency approach) †¢ Major stakeholders and what they expect: Owners/sto ckholders: financial return o Employees: satisfaction, pay, supervision o Customers: high-quality goods/services, service, value o Creditors: creditworthiness, fiscal responsibility o Management: efficiency, effectiveness o Government: obedience to laws and regulations, fair competition o Union: worker pay, benefits Community: good corporate citizen, contribution to community affairs o Suppliers: satisfactory transactions, revenue from purchases The Evolution of Organization Theory and Design Historical Perspectives †¢ Efficiency is everything o Frederick Winslow Taylor developed scientific management, which claims decisions about organization and job design should be based on precise, scientific procedures †¢ How to get organized Administrative principles focuses on the total organization (looks at the organization as a whole) o For example, Henri Fayol proposed 14 principles of management, such as â€Å"each subordinate receives orders from only one superior† and â€Å"similar activities in an organization should be grouped together under one manager† o These gave organizations fundamental new ideas for estabilishing high productivity and increasing prosperity o Administrative principles contributed to the development of bureaucratic organizations, which emphasized designing and managing organizations on an impersonal, rational basis through such elements as clearly defined authority and responsibility, formal recordkeeping, and uniform application of stand rules †¢ People o Hawthorn Studies are a series of experiments on worker productivity that began in 1924 o It attributed employees’ increased output to managers’ better treatment of them during the study †¢ Environment Many problems occur when all organizations are treated similar, which is the case with scientific management o Structures and systems that work in the retail division will not be appropriate for the manufacturing division o Consistency means t hat one thing depends on other things, and for organizations to be effective, there must be a â€Å"goodness of fit† between their structure and the conditions in their external environment o Some organizations experience a certain environment, use a routine technology, and desire efficiency, and in this case, bureaucratic controls would be appropriate o But today, almost all organizations operate in a highly uncertain environment Contemporary Organizational Design Today’s organizations and managers are shifting from a mindset based on mechanical systems to one based on natural and biological systems †¢ Chaos theory suggests that relationships in complex, adaptive systems – including organizations – are made up of numerous interconnections that create unintended effects and render the environment unpredictable †¢ Many organizations are shifting from strict vertical hierarchies to flexible, decentralized structures that emphasize horizontal colla boration, widespread info sharing, and adaptability †¢ Learning organization is an organization in which everyone is engaged in identifying and solving problems, enabling the organization to continuously experiment, improve, and increase its capability Efficient Performance versus the Learning Organization †¢ From vertical to horizontal structure †¢ From routine tasks to empowered tasks †¢ From formal control systems to shared information †¢ From competitive to collaborative strategy †¢ From rigid to adaptive culture ———————– Transformation Process Environment Raw Materials People Information resources Financial resources Input Subsystems Boundary Spanning Production, Maintenance, Adaptation, Management Boundary Spanning Products and Services Output Top Management

Ib Math Ia

MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 MATHEMATICS Standard Level The portfolio – tasks For use in 2012 and 2013 Â © International Baccalaureate Organization 2010 7 pages For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 2 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 C O N T E N TS T y p e I t as k s Circles T y p e I I t as k s Fish Production Gold Medal Heights INTRODUC TI ON W h a t is t h e p u r p ose of t h is d oc u m e n t ? This document contains new tasks for the portfolio in mathematics SL. These tasks have been produced by the IB, for teachers to use in the examination sessions in 2012 and 2013.It should be noted that most tasks previously produced and published by the IB will no longer be valid for assessment after the November 2010 examination session. These include all the tasks in any teacher support material (TSM), and the tasks in the document tfolio tasks 2009 The tasks in the in the 2012 examinations but N O T in 2013. Copies of all TSM tasks published by the IB are available on the Online Curriculum Centre (OCC), under Internal Assessme not be used, even in slightly modified form. W h a t h a p p e n s i f t e a c h e r s u s e t h e s e o l d t a s k s?The inclusion of these old tasks in the portfolio will make the portfolio non -compliant, and such portfolios will therefore attract a 10-mark penalty. Teachers may continue to use the old tasks as practice tasks, but they should not be included in the portfolio for final assessment. W h a t o t h e r d oc u m e n t s s h o u l d I u se? All teachers should have copies of the mathematics SL subject guide (second edition, September 2006), including the teaching notes appendix, and the TSM (September 2005). Further information, ncluding additional notes on applying the criteria, is available on the Online Curriculum Centre (OCC). Important news items are also available on the OCC, as are the diploma programme coordinator notes, which contain updated information on a variety of issues. W h i c h t as k s c a n I u se i n 2012? The only tasks produced by the IB that may be submitted for assessment in 2012 are the ones contained in this document, and those in the document Portfolio tasks 2011 2012 . There is no requirement to use tasks produced by the IB, and there is no date restriction on tasks written by teachers.For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 3 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 C a n I u se t h ese t as k s b e f o r e M a y 2012? These tasks should only be submitted for final assessment from May 2012 to November 2013. Students should not include them in portfolios before May 2012. If they are included, they will be subject to a 10-mark penalty. Please note that these dates refer to examination sessions, not when the work is completed. W h i c h t as k s c a n I u se i n 2013? The only tasks produced by the IB that may be submitted for assessment in 2013 are the ones contained in this document. T e c h n ologyThere is a wide range of technological tools available to support mathematical work. These include gr aphic display calculators, Excel spreadsheets, Geogebra, Autograph, Geometer sketch pad and Wolframalpha. Many are free downloads from the Internet. Students (and teachers) should be encouraged to explore which ones best support the tasks that are assigned. Teachers are reminded that good technology use should enhance the development of the task. E x t r a c ts f r o m d i p lom a p r og r a m coo r d i n a to r n ot es Important information is included in the DPCN, available on the OCC.Teachers should ensure they are familiar with these, and in particular with the ones noted below. Please note that the reference to the 2009/2010 document is outdated. C op i es of t as k s a n d m a r k i n g/sol u t ion k e ys Teachers are advised to write their own tasks to fit in with their own teaching plans, to select from the 2009/2010 document, or to use tasks written by other teachers. In each case, teachers should work the task themselves to make sure it is suitable, and provide a copy of t he task, and an answer, solution or marking key for any task submitted.This will help the moderators confirm the levels awarded by the teacher. It is particularly important if teachers modify an IB published task to include a copy of the modified task. While this is permitted, teachers should think carefully about making any changes, as the tasks have been written with all the criteria in mind, to allow students to achieve the higher levels. N on -co m p l i a n t po r t f ol ios f r om M a y 2012 Please note the following information on how to deal with portfolios that do not contain one task of each type. This will be applied in the May 2012 and subsequent examination sessions.If two pieces of work are submitted, but they do not represent a Type I and a Type II task (for example, they are both Type I or both Type II tasks), mark both tasks, one against each Type. For example, if a candidate has submitted two Type I tasks, mark one using the Type I c riteria, and the other using th e Type II Criteria. Do not apply any further penalty This means that the current system of marking both tasks against the same criteria and then applying a penalty of 10 marks will no longer be used. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 4 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 SL T YPE IA im : In this t ask you wi l l conside r a se t of numbe rs tha t a r e pr esent ed in a symme t r i c a l pa t t e rn. Consider the five rows of numbers shown below. Describe how to find the numerator of the sixth row. Using technology, plot the relation between the row number, n, and the numerator in each row. Describe what you notice from your plot and write a general statement to represent this. Find the sixth and seventh rows. Describe any patterns you used. Let E n ( r ) be the ( r 1) th element in the nth row, starting with r 15 Example: E5 (2) . 9 0. Find the general statement for E n ( r ) .Test the validity of the general statement by finding additional rows. Discuss the scope and/or limitations of the general statement. Explain how you arrived at your general statement. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 5 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 C IR C L ES SL T YPE I A im : The a im of this t ask is to invest i ga t e posi t ions of points in i nt e rse c t ing c i r c l es. The following diagram shows a circle C 1 with centre O and radius r, and any point P. r P O C1 The circle C 2 has centre P and radius OP. Let A be one of the points of intersection of C 1 and C 2 . Circle C 3 has centre A, and radius r.The point P is the intersection of C 3 with (OP). This is shown in the diagram below. C3 A O P' P C2 C1 Let r 1 . Use an analytic approach to find OP , when OP 2 , OP 3 and OP 4 . Describe what you notice and write a general statement to represent this. Let OP 2 . Find OP , when r 2 , r 3 and r 4 . Describe what you notice and write a general statement to represent this. Comment whether or not this statement is consistent with your earlier statement. Use technology to investigate other v alues of r and OP. Find the general statement for OP . Test the validity of your general statement by using different values of OP and r.Discuss the scope and/or limitations of the general statement. Explain how you arrived at the general statement. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 6 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 F IS H PR O D U C T I O N SL T YPE II A im: This t ask conside rs comme r c i a l f ishing in a pa r t i cul a r count ry in two di ff e r ent envi ronments the se a and f ish f a rms (aqua cul tur e). The da t a is t a k en f rom the U N St a t ist i cs D ivisi on C ommon D a t a b a se . The following table gives the total mass of fish caught in the sea, in thousands of tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kilograms). Y ea rT ot a l M ass 1980 426. 8 1981 470. 2 1982 503. 4 1983 557. 3 1984 564. 7 1985 575. 4 1986 579. 8 1987 624. 7 1988 669. 9 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1989 450. 5 1990 379. 0 1991 356. 9 1992 447. 5 1993 548. 8 1994 589. 8 1995 634. 0 1996 527. 8 1997 459. 1 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1998 487. 2 1999 573. 8 2000 503. 3 2001 527. 7 2002 566. 7 2003 507. 8 2004 550. 5 2005 426. 5 2006 533. 0 Define suitable variables and discuss any parameters/constraints. Using technology, plot the data points from the table on a graph. Comment on any apparent trends in your graph and suggest suitable models.Analytically develop a model that fits the data points. (You may find it useful to consider a combination of functions. ) On a new set of axes, draw your model function and the original data points. Comment on any differences. Revise your model if necessary. The table below gives the total mass of fish, in thousands of tonnes, from fish farms. Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1980 1. 4 1981 1. 5 1982 1. 7 1983 2. 0 1984 2. 2 1985 2. 7 1986 3. 1 1987 3. 3 1988 4. 1 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1989 4. 4 1990 5. 8 1991 7. 8 1992 9. 1 1993 12. 4 1994 16. 0 1995 21. 6 1996 33. 2 1997 5. 5 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1998 56. 7 1999 63. 0 2000 79. 0 2001 67. 2 2002 61. 2 2003 79. 9 2004 94. 7 20 05 119. 8 2006 129. 0 Plot the data points from this table on a graph, and discuss whether your analytical model for the original data fits the new data. Use technology to find a suitable model for the new data. On a new set of axes, draw both models. Discuss how trends in the first model could be explained by trends in the second model. By considering both models, discuss possible future trends in both types of fishing. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 7MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 G O L D M E D A L H E I G H TS SL T YPE II A i m : T he a i m of th i s t a sk i s to O lympi c G ames. high jump in the The table below gives the height (in centimeters) achieved by the gold medalists at various Olympic Games. 1932 Y ea r H e igh t (c m) 197 1936 203 1948 198 1952 204 1956 212 1960 216 1964 218 1968 224 1972 223 1976 225 1980 236 Note: The Olympic Games were not held in 1940 and 1944. Using technology, plot the data points on a graph. Define all variables used and state any parameters clearly. Discuss any possible constraints of the task.What type of function models the behaviour of the graph? Explain why you chose this function. Analytically create an equation to model the data in the above table. On a new set of axes, draw your model function and the original graph. Comment on any differences. Discuss the limitations of your model. Refine your model if necessary. Use technology to find another function that models the data. On a new set of axes, draw both your model functions. Comment on any differences. Had the Games been held in 1940 and 1944, estimate what the winning heights would have been and justify your answers.Use your model to predict the winning height in 1984 and in 2016. Comment on your answers. The following table gives the winning heights for all the other Olympic Games since 1896. 1896 1904 1908 1912 1920 1928 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Y ea r H eigh t (c m) 190 180 191 193 193 194 235 238 234 239 235 236 236 How well does your model fit the additional data? Discuss the overall trend from 1896 to 2008, with specific references to significant fluctuations. What modifications, if any, need to be made to your model to fit the new data? For final assessment in 2012 and 2013

The Pros and Cons of Screenplay Competitions

The Pros and Cons of Screenplay Competitions Screenplay competitions have long served as a means for fledgling screenwriters to call attention to their talent, especially if they have little else to draw from in the way of Hollywood relationships. As a former literary manager and screenplay competition judge, I can confidently say that the most skilled storytellers will ultimately get noticed in such settings. However, there are a few thing screenwriters should know before submitting. First, not all competitions are created equal. In fact, only a small handful will truly mean anything when it comes to advancing your career, and even then, only if you place in at least the top 10 percent. So, what competitions are worth your hard-earned 50 bucks? Below is a list of what I believe are the top 10 screenplay competitions today based on credibility and access they provide to the industry: 1.  Ã‚     Academy Nicholl Fellowship oscars.org/nicholl 2.  Ã‚     Sundance Screenwriters Lab sundance.org/programs/feature-film#labs 3.  Ã‚     Final Draft Big Break Contest https://store.finaldraft.com/big-break-contest.html 4.  Ã‚     TrackingB trackingb.com/contests/?contest_id=36 5.  Ã‚     Launch Pad https://www.tblaunchpad.com/ 6.  Ã‚     Slamdance http://showcase.slamdance.com/Screenplay-Competition 7.  Ã‚     Scriptapalooza scriptapalooza.com/home.php 8.  Ã‚     PAGE International https://pageawards.com/ 9.  Ã‚     BlueCat bluecatscreenplay.com/ 10.  Ã‚     Austin Film Festival https://austinfilmfestival.com/submit/screenplay-and-teleplay-submissions-2/ What makes these competitions so widely trusted compared to others in the marketplace is their long history of rewarding quality writing and the high caliber of judges they hire – many of whom are respectable producers or managers. This translates to greater industry access for top finishers in addition to generous cash and other prizes. Several of these competitions, such as Slamdance and BlueCat, also provide written feedback to all entrants; so even if you don’t place, you get some constructive criticism that can be used to better your material for the next one. Another key takeaway: it means more to do well in one or two highly respected competitions like the Nicholl or Sundance than to do well in dozens of lesser-known competitions. Industry types are more apt to trust the informed opinion of a few accredited peers than a bevy of unknowns. Furthermore, entry fees for preeminent competitions aren’t higher on average than less notable ones, meaning you’re spending less and getting more value for your dollar So then, what scripts typically do best in competition? Readability is key. Proper formatting, spelling and grammar alone will elevate your material above half the submissions. After that, the focus is on craftsmanship. A coherent three-act story structure coupled with compelling characters, clever plotlines and crisp dialogue will catapult you to the quarter- or even semi-finalist stage. Reaching this level is all but guaranteed to generate reader requests and perhaps even some phone calls from interested parties. However, the screenplays that advance to the finalist level and beyond – the ones that get you in-person meetings – often have one very special, very ironic ingredient: they boast unfamiliar ideas and storylines that may not be marketable enough to get the film made. Numerous colleagues of mine, from Nicholl judges to professional script consultants, have confirmed as much. Essentially, there’s a disconnect between scripts that place highly in competitions and those that get produced because competitions look at creative writing skill over marketability and reward highly original ideas that eschew the very market trends and genre conventions production companies seek. Bottom line, screenplays that win competitions are less likely to get made than they are to serve as calling cards for agents, managers and producers who want talented writers-for-hire. While it may not be the path you planned, it’s still a step toward becoming a professional screenwriter. And a very viable one for those with real talent.

Rodhocetus Facts and Figures

Rodhocetus Facts and Figures Name: Rodhocetus (Greek for Rodho whale); pronounced ROD-hoe-SEE-tuss Habitat: Shores of central Asia Historical Epoch: Early Eocene (47 million years ago) Size and Weight: Up to 10 feet long and 1,000 pounds Diet: Fish and squids Distinguishing Characteristics: Narrow snout; long hind legs About Rodhocetus Evolve the dog-like whale ancestor Pakicetus a few million years, and youll wind up with something like Rodhocetus: a larger, more streamlined, four-legged mammal that spent most of its time in the water rather than on land (though its splay-footed posture demonstrates that Rodhocetus was capable of walking, or at least dragging itself along on solid ground, for short periods of time). As further evidence of the increasingly marine lifestyle enjoyed by the prehistoric whales of the early Eocene epoch, the hip bones of Rodhocetus werent fully fused to its backbone, which endowed it with improved flexibility when swimming. Although its not as well-known as relatives like Ambulocetus (the walking whale) and the above-mentioned Pakicetus, Rodhocetus is one of the best-attested, and best-understood, Eocene whales in the fossil record. Two species of this mammal, R. kasrani and R. balochistanensis, have been discovered in Pakistan, the same general locality as most other early fossil whales (for reasons that still remain mysterious). R. balochistanensis, discovered in 2001, is especially interesting; its fragmented remains include a braincase, a five-fingered hand and a four-toed foot, as well as leg bones that clearly couldnt support much weight, further evidence for this animals semi-marine existence.

Green Fire Whirlwind

Green Fire Whirlwind Its easy to make your own green fire whirlwind or twister. This is a variation of the regular fire tornado project, except using a flame colorant to produce green fire. Green Fire Whirlwind Materials cylindrical mesh container (such as stapled chicken wire, screen or a metal mesh trashcan)turntable or carousel (or even a rotating chair or stool)methanol or other alcoholboric acid, borax or copper sulfate Make the Green Fire Whirlwind Make sure the mesh cylinder fits on the turntable and freely rotates.Prepare a colorant fuel: Dissolve some boric acid in a small amount of methanol. If you dont have methanol, you can use borax or copper sulfate with rubbing alcohol.Place a fireproof container of the colorant fuel inside the mesh cylinder, which is on the turntable.Ignite the fuel and give the turntable a spin.The fire will go out on its own or you can blow it out. Watch a video of this fire project. Safety Information Use reasonable precautions when performing fire projects. Do not perform this green fire project near flammable object. Have a means of extinguishing the fire, should an accident occur. While this project may be performed using solid fuel, the spinning surface may cause a solid to fly outward, presenting a hazard. The use of liquid fuel is advised. Methanol is toxic and may be absorbed through the skin, so if you use this chemical, avoid skin contact or inhalation of fumes.

The Analysis on the Road Pricing in the UK Essay

The Analysis on the Road Pricing in the UK - Essay Example transportation modes interact in our analytical scheme, cite factors that influence our efforts to arrive at a workable solution, and then discuss other alternatives. Walking is the simplest means of personal mobility, and when the purpose of such action is to move from one place to another, it is known by another term: transport. Mobility and transport depends on several factors ranging from the anatomical, like having two legs, to the external, like having a path on which to move or transport one’s body. Mobility and transport have been amongst the important factors that determined human development, and whether we like it or not, these are subject to the economic law of supply and demand. The development of transport supply and demand has given rise to the complex system of transport infrastructures, modes of transportation, and the propensity for personal mobility we enjoy today. We take mobility as part of a natural ability to be where we want to be, and take it against our privilege any obstacle that restricts this freedom in any way. This is why transport has become subject to the laws of supply and demand, for whereas the demand for mobility continues to increase with human development the supply of transport infrastructure that makes it possible is limited. Fig. 1 shows the effects of developments in transportation in increasing the speed of mobility. Economists (Rodrigue et al., 2006) define transport supply as the capacity of transportation infrastructures and modes, generally over a geographically defined transport system and for a specific period of time. Transport demand is the expression of transport needs, regardless of whether those needs are satisfied fully, partially, or not at all. Both are commonly quantified in terms of capacity (infrastructure), frequency (services), and networks, as in the number of passengers, volume (liquids), or mass (freight) that can be (supply) or needed to be (demand) transported per unit of time and

Persuasive Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Persuasive Speech - Essay Example Bright packing, celebrities advertising these or those goods, enormous list of ingredients, higher prices, lower prices, discounts- all the means are justified in achieving this goal. It seemed that food producers suffered and struggled seriously until the concept of organic food was invented. However, it is possible to state that organic food existed as long as humanity itself but only in our time it became trendy when people understood that it can bring money. Selling organic producers play on our subconscious desire to buy best product, the most nutritious and the least harmful, however, in reality it is only the way to buy old goods under new names in new packing. So it is important to find out what organic food is basically and why it has become so popular. Because it turns out that third part of American consumers prefer organic products to conventional products and are ready to spend extra money buying them despite the fact that the crucial difference between these two kinds of products was not established (Warner, 2005). In this essay I will try to outline the difference between organic and inorganic food and prove that organic food is just another method of selling products for higher prices. This will be done to make readers understand that the label â€Å"organic† must be perceived as additional advertisement not as absolute mark of quality (Blair, 2012). First of all organic products are those products which are grown without any chemicals, such as synthetic pesticides, artificial fertilizers, radiation aimed to kill bacteria. As for the animals the label organic signifies that animals were fed organic food only and were treate d without antibiotics and hormones (Blair, 2012). These chemicals became popular in the 20th century as they allow protecting crops from pests. In the United States of America farmers must adhere to certain rules and regulation to be allowed to call their products organic. USDA regulates adherence to these regulations.

To what extent is the HR function essential in achieving successful Essay

To what extent is the HR function essential in achieving successful organization change - Essay Example Human Resource as a change agent has the following role in operatiopnal effectiveness: managing culture change processes; facilitating teams and groups to implement change; and identifying change agents within the organization (Wapshott & Spicer, 2005). The Human Resource functional competencies are perhaps more widely known to include Human Resource Planning and Staffing; Performance management and development; employee and labour relations; compensation and benefits; health, safety, welfare and security; systems information and management; and organizational design and development (Brewster, Farndale, & Ommeren, 2000). Man as a social animal finds it hard to exist in relative peace without any form of organization. Without an organization chaos normally ensues, formal or informal, organizations exist in one form or another to provide order in society. In Britain and the rest of the industrial world today, it is almost impossible to imagine life without the plethora of organizations that comprise and make possible our everyday life (Burnes, 2004). Organizations being composed of different individuals and personality is in constant flux thus are prone to influences that can bring an enormous amount of change in every minute of its existence (Alfes, Truss, & Gill, 2010). Impermanence and transience are increasingly becoming important features of modern life brought about by major expansion in the scale and scope of change and the accelerating pace of change (Hayes, 2002). Individual change is at the heart of everything that is achieved in organizations. Once individuals have the motivation to do something different, the whole world can begin to change (Cameron & Green, 2009). By any objective measure, the amount of significant, often traumatic, change in organizations has grown tremendously over the past two decades. Although some people predict that most of the reengineering, outsourcing, restrategizing, mergers, downsizing, quality efforts, and cultural renewa l projects will soon disappear, I think that is highly unlikely (Hadley, 2009). Powerful macroeconomic forces are at work here, and these forces may grow even stronger over the next few decades. As a result, more and more organizations will be pushed to reduce costs, improve the quality of products and services, locate new opportunities for growth, and increase productivity (Kotter, 1996). In the book â€Å"The Heart of Change† an overview of an eight-step model for change was divided into three major groups: 1. Creating the climate for change; 2. Engaging and enabling the whole organization; and 3. Implementing and sustaining the change. The eight-step are: 1. Increase urgency; 2. Build guiding teams; 3. Get the vision right; 4. Communicate for buy-in; 5. Enable action; 6. Create short-term wine; 7. Don’t let up; 8. Make it stick (Cohen, 2005). In the same book, two approaches to change were proposed: analysis-think-change and see-feel-change (Cohen, 2005). Practicall y the Human Resource is at the start and end of the process (Kotter & Schlesinger, 2008). In the Eight-step model the core and enabler for each step is the Human Resource organization. Life is in a state of constant flux, the same can be said about organization. Some changes are major and some changes are insignificant, no matter how large or inconsequential the volume of change is, change transforms the organization forever. And, at the centre

PhD - comprehensive exam - rewrite - question 1 Essay

PhD - comprehensive exam - rewrite - question 1 - Essay Example However, in developing countries improvement of existing infrastructure still remains the most integral element of the public policy. Although the direct relationship between availability of developed infrastructure and healthier economy is still debated, there is little doubt that such relationship exists and has been confirmed, both explicitly and implicitly, in a plethora of studies. Research in the field of infrastructure development in developing countries features a number of distinctive techniques, assumptions, limitations, different potential for error and error minimization techniques. Such variety is, obviously, due to extreme broadness of the term ‘infrastructure’. The American Heritage Dictionary, defines this word as â€Å"the basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons.†1 Furthermore, rapid technological and political evolution has resulted in some other important concepts (e.g. homeland security) being defined under this term. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast research methodologies used to study the development of infrastructure in developing countries. Since the term infrastructure is too broad, only one type of infrastructure services, namely librarianship, has been chosen as the focus of this research. The choice is determined by the reasonable consideration that narrowing the research subject will facilitate the process of comparison and reduce the potential for error. The scarcity of serious research in the field of infrastructure improvement in developing countries provides another justification for the choice. The author and supervisor agreed to take librarianship as the focal point in achieving the research purpose. Hemami’s

Any current computer technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any current computer technology - Research Paper Example fers to a new class of network-based computing involving utility computing that comprises of a collection of networked and integrated software and internet facility known a platform. The technology uses internet for transport and communication. It also provides software, hardware and networking services to clients mainly through internet. According to National Institute of Standards and Technology (2011), cloud computing is a form of computing where groups of remote servers are networked in order to enhance centralized online access to resources or computer services and data storage. Cloud computing is a computing technology that enables large network servers such as large organizations to access various technological infrastructure resources from other companies without purchasing computing infrastructure. Cloud computing exhibits a number of characteristics. Some of these characteristics exhibited by cloud computing include virtualization, advanced security, service orientation, low-cost software, massive scale, resilient computing and wide geographical distribution of computing services. Essential characteristics of cloud computing include broad network access to clients, rapid elasticity, measured services and resource pooling. According to these characteristics, cloud computing is an appropriate technology that is highly beneficial to users through enhancement of access and support of computer infrastructure. In conclusion, cloud computing has a wide range of benefits to users. First, clients or users can reduce their computer cost by using cloud computing. Organizations do not require high-powered or high-priced computers to run cloud computing web-based applications. Secondly, there is improved performance through the use of cloud computing. Improved performance arises from low usage of computers memory since there are few programs and processes loading in the computer memory. Other advantages include improved document format compatibility, reduced

Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industry - Research Paper Example Cinnamon Melts 4. Brownie Melts Beverages: 1. Inca Kola 2. Irn-Bru 3. Sodas 4. Milkshakes Chicken, Fish and Pork : 1. McChicken 2. McNuggets 3. Fillet-O-Fish 4. McRib 5. McArabia Breakfast: Breakfast sandwiches are the primary McDonald's breakfast's offering. McDonald's provide two styles of breakfast burritos, McDonald's breakfast also includes potato rosti, British bacon and hotcakes. Other Products: McDonald's also provide a wide range of sandwiches, Rice in Asia because the demand of rice is higher and many other products including salads etc. Market structure of McDonald's: McDonald's can be described as a part of a market which has perfect competition, and the competitors are just as huge as the way McDonald's is. Its competitors include Burger King, KFC, Hardees, Subway, Starbucks and other fast food restaurants. Most of the time McDonald's have to compete against the local restaurants of the country in which their franchise is operating, for example in Pakistan, OPTP and othe r local food vendors. For any business to stay ahead, in the competitive environment that it is facing, is a huge task. McDonald's is performing this task quite efficiently, as they promote product adaptation and provide their products on a relatively lower price. Furthermore McDonald's also provides different varieties for different people, based on age groups, occupation, and the region. McDonald's has built its success under the phenomenon of providing a wide range of standardized and high quality products, quicker and cheaper. McDonald's originated from USA, but now it is functioning in more 114 countries with over 25,000 restaurants, having a wide share globally is one of the reasons for McDonald's' success in the competitive environment. Nowadays one of the most valuable resources is time, people would more likely pay a lot to save their time. McDonald's provides its food quicker compared to its competitors, saving people's time. Most of the people prefer McDonald's over its c ompetitors because of the fact that McDonald's saves their time. Product adaptation is one of the major attributes of McDonald's. When McDonald's started to serve in India (elaborated later), a lot of people started to raise their voice against McDonald's, as the products included beef which is un-ethical towards the people of India, what McDonald's did was they stopped making beef related products in India, and started making products including mutton and chicken, an example of that is Maharaja Mac. Also, in Asia since the demand for rice is higher McDonald's introduced McRice. Because McDonald's practices product adaptation so much, it is quite successful compared to its competitors. McDonald's has a strong global presence and is considered as a leader in the domestic as well as the international competition. Even though McDonald's is leading the domestic market, still there are threats by the local food vendors, as people prefer the local food. To tackle this, McDonald's is intro ducing specific products for different regions, which has a local effect in it ("How does McDonald's compete in a monopolistic competition?"). Regulations that McDonald's must follow: Since McDonald's has a lot of franchises in different countries, therefore it has to follow the rules and regulations of that region. Keeping in view the ethics of that region, McDonald's should provide its services accordingly. Taking India as an example, as mentioned before when McDonald's sta

Any current computer technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any current computer technology - Research Paper Example fers to a new class of network-based computing involving utility computing that comprises of a collection of networked and integrated software and internet facility known a platform. The technology uses internet for transport and communication. It also provides software, hardware and networking services to clients mainly through internet. According to National Institute of Standards and Technology (2011), cloud computing is a form of computing where groups of remote servers are networked in order to enhance centralized online access to resources or computer services and data storage. Cloud computing is a computing technology that enables large network servers such as large organizations to access various technological infrastructure resources from other companies without purchasing computing infrastructure. Cloud computing exhibits a number of characteristics. Some of these characteristics exhibited by cloud computing include virtualization, advanced security, service orientation, low-cost software, massive scale, resilient computing and wide geographical distribution of computing services. Essential characteristics of cloud computing include broad network access to clients, rapid elasticity, measured services and resource pooling. According to these characteristics, cloud computing is an appropriate technology that is highly beneficial to users through enhancement of access and support of computer infrastructure. In conclusion, cloud computing has a wide range of benefits to users. First, clients or users can reduce their computer cost by using cloud computing. Organizations do not require high-powered or high-priced computers to run cloud computing web-based applications. Secondly, there is improved performance through the use of cloud computing. Improved performance arises from low usage of computers memory since there are few programs and processes loading in the computer memory. Other advantages include improved document format compatibility, reduced

Marketing ( Customer Relationship Management ) Assignment

Marketing ( Customer Relationship Management ) - Assignment Example roviding information about the customers that the company needs to keep in mind so as to maintain a good affiliation with their clienteles, and this is achieved by ensuring that the knowledge obtained from customer surveys is used to increase quality and service delioivery.an effective and efficient customer relationship management system, will help the business to understand their customers and their needs and ensure that the same are met. The systems also ensure that customers are retained as their satisfaction will ascertain that they seek the services of the company that meets their needs. Efficient and effective customer management systems will also aid in attracting new customers as they are assured that the organization is aware of their needs, and it keeps them at high priority by ensuring that all of them are met through effective interaction. Customer relationship management systems will be used to manage customer relationships and they are used to manage business contacts, client contacts and sales leads, which are paramount in ensuring that business customer data that ascertains that the business provides services that the customer wants and provide better services to the customer and this in return increases sales hence ensuring organizational

Logical and rational exchange Essay Example for Free

Logical and rational exchange Essay In the 1990’s police officers employed the â€Å"stop and frisk† technique (World Socialist Website) to apprehend possible and alleged street criminals or suspects. However, it is disconcerting that a new development has evolved. Police officers are now using unnecessary force on students, old people, children and almost any body. There are several incidents in 2007 where students were Tasered by police officers for very insignificant reasons. A student from UCLA was repeatedly stunned after having been caught studying in the library without his University ID. In Warren Ohio a University woman was harassed and Tasered by a police officer outside a bar without provocation. The stories go on and on. What is even more alarming is that these stories are increasingly becoming more common. This dysfunction in the United States today has ignited a fear among the public. Terrorism has a face and its face is of a police officer with a badge, a nightstick, mace and Taser (Roberts). The very people who promise to uphold the law are the very ones who abuse it. In many instances the public is fighting back. One such person is Larry Neill White who in 2007 shot and killed three police officers in his home in Odessa Texas (Johnson). The police officers responded to a domestic disturbance call and found themselves facing the barrel of White’s gun. Asked why he did not hesitate to shoot the police who were trying to apprehend him, his reply â€Å"You got these guys coming to your door, what would you do? (Johnson)† This is the most vicious attack on police officers of Odessa in 73 years. Sadly this event has been happening in other parts of the United States as well. In the first 10 months of 2007 at least 60 police officers have been shot and killed. Between the years of 2006 and 2007, there has been a 54% increase (Johnson) in recorded incidents of police officers’ killings. With criminality becoming more rampant, police officers are tasked to be more aggressive in apprehension. The public in response is becoming more mistrustful. The situation is steadily becoming more serious. The need to address this problem is becoming more urgent. Steps have been taken by the United States Government to address this problem. The Clinton Administration made the boldest effort to address the situation by increasing the training budget of law enforcement in ethics and integrity. An additional US$20 million budget (Amnesty International) was allotted to programs that would better equip police officers when interacting with their public. Michael Quinn, a 23-year veteran of the Minneapolis Police Department was interviewed by Lydia Howell in 2004 about his then newly released book, â€Å"Walking with the Devil: What Bad Cops Don’t Want You To Know and What Good Cops Won’t Tell You†, Mr. Quinn acknowledged that development of communication skills is of key importance in law enforcement. He said that acquiring proper communication skills is as vital as learning how to handle guns. It should be an integral part of law enforcement training. Many agree that the relationship between communication and nonviolence is fundamental (Martin). Furthermore, development of communication skills must be regarded with importance more so in police academies and rookie training. Young police officers who are not properly equipped in communication are more likely to commit misjudgments in the field. A great number of documented cases on police brutality and the use of unnecessary force involve racial and ethnic minorities. It is easy to assume that in these instances there is a huge break in communication. The Clinton Administration further addressed the issue by encouraging law enforcement agencies to increase their number of minorities’ employment. However experience would attest that even among people of the same racial background, communication may prove difficult, particularly in highly stressful situations. Arrests, â€Å"stop and frisk† situations, and even just the flagging down of vehicles by police officers in many cases are viewed as stressful events by the public. During this situations control is always with the police officers. They have the ability to dictate ensuing events. Therefore they need to be fully prepared to handle any eventuality. Most times, force and violence are not the answers to these situations. Most times, the logical and rational exchange of information is enough to achieve resolution of the matter at hand.

Advertisements, Codes and Fairy Tales :: essays research papers

Advertisements, Codes and Fairy Tales   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many advertisements use codes to convey a fairy tale to consumers, usually resulting in a happy ending. This occurs at the expense of the price and means being set aside. Most advertisements rely heavily on visual props and sometimes on text to convey their meaning. These codes are open to many interpretations. This ad is no exception. It uses the visual code on many different levels, and the text is there mainly for explanatory purposes. These codes all have references to the story-line of Magic: two sorcerers using spells to fight each other over imaginary regions of land. The advertisement tries unsuccessfully to convey a happy ending, like in a fairy tale, to the consumer, while sacrificing price and means.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The code of spatial order is used to show the reader advancements in periods of time. These advancements can be seen as one looks at the ad from the lower-left corner in a clockwise circle. The first object one would see is a skull from a Woolly Mammoth, which is symbolic of prehistoric times. The next object, a computer, stands out because it does not fit the pattern of chronological order. Wizards of the Coast and Microprose, the advertisers, use this purposely by drawing attention to the computer and consequently the computer game. The computer falls into another pattern. This pattern goes in the same order, clock-wise, but alternates between Magic (the game) and something pertaining to the background of the game. The next objects are tarot cards and a spell book, both of which follow the patterns. These objects, along with the mood of the entire ad being dark, may be interpreted by the consumer to mean death or the devil. This is based on cultural beliefs and rituals. Most people believe angels and good guys wear white, and therefore devils and bad guys dress in black. Also, people usually wear black clothing to funerals, which is essentially a ritual for death. The next item in the pattern is actual cards from the game of Magic. These cards follow chronological order because they are the result of the movable-type printing press being invented in the 18th or 19th century. The final components are a CD-ROM disk and a mouse. These show how science and technology have advance in the 20th century, and it also reminds the consumer of the computer, and consequently the computer game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This printed sales pitch also uses dark and bright colors that contrast each other to give the consumer more information about the game. The ad itself is dark and mystic, somewhat evil; it also has blue, mystical back-lighting.

The Power of Myth Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, Joseph Campbell

According to Joseph Campbell’s The Power of Myth, one archetypal mythic hero appears in diverse cultures in different forms. Two protagonists in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist and Thor Heyerdahl’s Kon-Tiki share similar heroic characteristics despite their different backgrounds and cultures. One of the concepts explained in The Power of Myth is the stages of human development. Campbell states that â€Å"As a child, you are brought up in a world of discipline, of obedience, and you are dependent on others. All this has to be transcended when you come to maturity, so that you can live not in dependency but with self-responsible authority† (Campbell 87). Thor and Santiago both experience the stages of human development, from dependence to maturity. In The Alchemist, Santiago decides to become a shepherd and travel the world, disobeying his parents who want him to be a priest. When his father says â€Å"Amongst us, the only ones who travel are the shepherds†, Santiago makes up his mind to become a shepherd. (Coelho 9). In Kon-Tiki, Thor was disappointed and discouraged because his theory is rejected and ignored by people. However, soon, he decides to sail the sea with few other people to show that his theory is right. Thor says to his friend, â€Å"I’m so sure the Indians crossed the Pacific on their rafts that I’m willing to build a raft of the same kind myself and cross the sea just to prove that it’s possible† (Heyerdahl 23). Santiago’s making his own decisions and Thor’s taking action to get out of his helpless situation show their developments to the more mature human beings. According to The Power of Myth, one of the characteristics of hero is to encounter troubles. He explains, â€Å"The trials are designed to see to it that the intending hero sh... ... by giving money to prepare sailing, and equipments that they need while sailing. Also, when they struggle to settle on the land, the native people help Thor and his companions. Native people helped them settle the raft on the island, and to reach the destination. According to Thor, the native inhabitants â€Å"pointed westward indicating that they were heading toward dangerous reefs† (Heyerdahl 182). Listening to this, they got prepared for the dangerous way and succeed go through there. These examples demonstrate that the two protagonists escape from their troubles with the help of other people. In conclusion, the two characters in The Alchemist and Kon-Tiki share similarities in their stages of human development, encountering troubles, and getting help from other source. These supporting details illustrate the universality of the characteristics of mythic heroes.

Personal Computer and St. Thomas Aquinas Essay

What are the possible effects of gadgets in the academic of the students of St. Thomas Aquinas? Is it positive or is it negative? Both sides are possible. It can be positive in the view of the students but negative on the view of the teachers. Either way, the researchers wants to view all side of the story, both positive and negative. The researchers also want to inform the readers that gadgets, brought by the advancement of technology can help and destroy their academic performance. II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The researchers found out that there are several problems regarding their topic. A very obvious problem is that gadgets often distract the attention of the students. The researchers want to solve and give possible solutions to the said problem. How gadgets distract or get the attention of the students? Does it bring positive results on their academic performance and academic standing? III. HYPOTHESIS The researchers suggests that students should have less time in using their gadgets, especially their cellular phones, iPods, PSPs, Laptops, and their own personal computers. Why the researchers included personal computers? Because most of the time, students nowadays use their personal computers for gaming and entertainment purposes. The researchers formulated this as a possible solution because if the students lessen their time on their gadgets, then they will have more time in enhancing their academic performance by reading books, observing their environment, and by interacting with other people. IV. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The researchers have assumed that using modern day gadgets often bring negative effects on students, especially on their academic performance. The reason why the researchers assumed this is because it is very obvious. They also observed to other people that the main reason why they fail their subjects is that they spent more time on using their gadgets, especially their personal computers. They use it most of the time playing computer games. Also, cellular phones is also a reason because they spend their time texting and calling their friends instead of reading and studying their lessons. V. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INPUT: Cellular Phones iPod Personal Computer PSP OUTPUT: Failing Grades Less time in interacting with other people personally Gets distracted easily More Irritable VI. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The researchers conducted the study so for the reason that they want to inform the readers about the effects of gadgets on the academic performance of the students. Here are some of the reasons why they have conducted the said study: Parents – they should know the possible effects of gadgets on the academic performance of their children. This will help them on how they will control their children. Also, this will also serve as a guide for them how to discipline their children. Students – they should know their limits. They must learn how to manage their time. Students nowadays cannot manage their time. They use their time on things that distracts their attention on studying. They must learn that using gadgets is good but they must learn how to limit their time. VII. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The study is limited only on how gadgets affect the academic performance of the students of St. Thomas Aquinas. The study is focused only on how gadgets affect the academic performance of the students. The researchers want to inform the readers that using gadgets will cause many negative effects than positive effects. VIII. DEFINITION OF TERMS Academic Performance – this is how a student performs in class. This can be a positive or a negative performance. Academic Standing – refers to the rank of student in his/her class. Gadgets – refers on the things brought by technology. For example, computer, cellular phones, music players. Personal Interaction – refers on communicating with other person personally. Texting – refers to the act of communicating with other people by using cellular phones.

Educating African American Men

  In the last quarter century, the social and economic status of the African American male in the US has been described to be steadily deteriorating (Johnson, Farrell, & Braithwaite, 2001).   Ã‚  There are an estimated 18 million African American men in the US today, but majority of this number encounter problems and challenges unique to the African American community (Independent Lens, 2007).Numerous studies have shown that the rates of school failure, unemployment, homicide, incarceration, and other anti-social behaviors for African American males far exceed those for their Caucasian, Hispanic, and Asian male counterparts (Johnson et al., 2001).Statistics from the Bureau of Justice show that African American victimization rates in 2000 alone were higher by 20% as compared to those in the general population, while homicide rate for African Americans have been 5 times higher than that of the general population for several decades.Homicide has been the primary cause of death for A frican American males between the ages of 15 to 34.   And while the percentage of African American men graduating from college has almost quadrupled since the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, more and more African American males are earning their high school equivalency diplomas in prison each year instead of graduating from college (Independent Lens, 2007).The Bureau of Justice Statistics further provide that less than half of African American boys graduate from high school four years after entering the ninth grade.   More than half of the US’ 5.6 million African American boys (below 18) live in fatherless households, 40% of which are impoverished.And while the ranks of professional African American men have experienced a huge increase in the last four decades (for instance, as of 2004 there were 78,000 African American male engineers, which was a 33% increase in 10 years), 840,000 African American men remain incarcerated, with the chances of an African American boy serving time increasing nearly threefold in the last three decades (Independent Lens, 2007).Related studies further support the evidence presented by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.  Ã‚   Edelman and Offner (2006) in their study indicate that in inner cities, more than half of all African American men do not finish high school.   In 2000, 65% of African American male high school dropouts in their 20s were jobless – meaning, they were unable to find work, or were not seeking work, or were incarcerated.   By 2004, the number of jobless African American men increased to 72%, compared to 34% for Caucasian men, and 19% for Hispanic male high school dropouts.   In 2004 as well, half of African American men in their 20s were jobless, and these numbers unfortunately included African American men who had earned their high school diplomas (Edelman & Offner, 2006).Furthermore, the movement of the labor force away from factory-based jobs has left unskilled workers of all races with fewer and fewer job options.   As of 2004, 50% of African American men in their 20s who did not have a college education were jobless, while 72% of African American male high school dropouts remained jobless (Western, 2006).These staggering statistics perhaps sadly reflect the difficult life that many African American men in the US have to face.   The inequality and punishment that lower-income African American men must deal with on a daily basis has been much documented in many studies.These economic and social challenges may be rooted in the African American subculture, and would require an extensive analysis of the cultural patterns and behaviors.The statistics showing the unemployment rate of lower-income African American males have also shown that they do not receive the same kind of opportunity that their Caucasian counterparts may have – however, the statistics also show that this status of being unemployed may be largely attributed to the lack of education o f the African American male.Dropping out of high school, not completing a college education, incarceration – all these are factors which contribute to the social and economic deterioration of the African American male.As a way of addressing this social and economic deterioration of the African American male, this study will attempt to draw up a learning community which will allow for the African American adult male to achieve his fullest potential.  Ã‚   The paper will seek to establish a system of adult education wherein African American males may have the opportunity to elevate and improve their social and economic status in society.Section 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background  Subsection 1.1.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Definition of a Learning CommunityThe concept of a â€Å"learning community† involves two distinct words which have been used in varying but traditionally separate contexts (â€Å"Learning Community – A Definition,† 1998).   The Encyc lopà ¦dia Britannica defines learning as â€Å"the alteration of behavior as a result of individual experience.   When an organism can perceive and change its behavior, it is said to learn† (â€Å"Learning,† 2007).On the other hand, TheFreeDictionary defines community as â€Å"a group of organisms or populations living and interacting with one another in a particular environment.   The organisms in a community affect each other’s abundance, distribution, and evolutionary adaptation† (â€Å"Community,† 2007).Taking the two definitions together, a learning community can then be understood to be an environment wherein a population lives and interacts with each other in order to perceive and change their behavior.Within the academic setting, more specific definitions of a learning community have been provided for in previous research studies.  Ã‚   The concept has been defined as something located in the context of education for the young â€⠀œ 4 or 5 years old until 17 years old – as composing â€Å"a group of students and at least one educator who, for a while and motivated by common vision and will, are engaged in the pursuit of acquiring knowledge, abilities and attitudes† (â€Å"Learning Community – A Definition,† 1998).Kowch and Schwier (1997) in their study defines a learning community as â€Å"a collection of individuals who are bound together by natural will and a set of shared ideas and ideals† (p. 1) and as composed of â€Å"autonomous, independent individuals engaged by influencing each other with a learning process† (Kowch & Schwier, 1997, p. 1).Cross (1998) provides for a similar definition of learning communities as â€Å"groups of people engaged in intellectual interaction for the purpose of learning† (p.4).In her outline, Kirby (2000) identifies different types of learning community models: · Technological learning community.   This model involves stu dents who are connected through technological communications.   The educational program, which is linked to schools, is offered online to students. ·Community education involvement.   This model involves entire communities participating in the operation of public schools and their educational outcomes. ·Cohort learning community.   This last model identified by Kirby involves students who go through an entire educational program or set of courses as cohorts.   Student cohorts are students â€Å"commencing a course of study in a particular year with a particular higher education provider† (â€Å"Glossary A-Z,† 2007).A cohort learning community may be presented in different ways: 1) college undergraduate students with the same major housed in the same dorm, with special arrangements provided for group study; 2) courses taught as a unit, whether for a semester or a school year, with the same students enrolled in each of the classes in the unity; 3) students be ginning an academic program together, being exposed to the same knowledge base, and eventually graduating together (Kirby, 2000).Each of these three learning community models may be applied in various ways and at various educational levels.   Past studies on learning communities have also identified different learning community models.   For instance, Shapiro and Levine (1999) categorized learning community models as paired/clustered courses, freshman interest groups, team-taught programs, and/or residential learning communities.On the other hand, Lenning and Ebbers (1999) categorized learning community models as curricular, classroom, residential, and student-type.  Ã‚   In their study, Freeman, Field, and Dyrenfurth (2001) integrate these previous models and have come up with four general categories for learning community models: ·Collateral course-based learning community model.   This category is identical to Kirby’s (2000) cohort learning community model.   S tudents may take two or more courses together as a cohort group.   This model may involve only two classes or the students’ entire course program for one or more semesters.   Educational programs may be discipline-based or cross-disciplinary theme-based. ·Residential learning community model.   Again, this is similar to Kirby’s (2000) cohort learning model, in that students live together in the same house or dormitory.   Unlike Kirby’s model however, this model proposed by Freeman, et al. (2001), does not necessarily require that the students take common classes or the same course.According to Shapiro and Levine (1999), the residential learning community model integrates the living and academic environment of the students involved. ·Freshman interest groups.   This learning community involves entering a freshman with a particular subject interest, not necessarily in the same major, and allowing the freshman to take grouped or linked courses around that specific area of interest. ·Student-type learning community model.   This learning model, such as honor students, and students with disabilities.   It may or may not involve common courses or living arrangements (Freeman et al., 2001).For purposes of this paper, it is important to understand the definition of a learning community since the latter basically pertains to a group of learners.   In this case, the particular group of learners are African American male adults.   It thus becomes relevant to provide a background on what a learning community is in order to understand how to set about developing an appropriate learning community for African American male adults.It is noteworthy to point out that application of one learning community model does not necessarily mean the exclusion of another model or models.  Ã‚   According to Freeman et al. (2001), a learning community may be structured by following either one model or a combination of models, or even an entirel y new and different model.There is no required or strict standard which must be followed since the needs of the student population or target audience will necessarily vary per environment.  Ã‚   Rasmussen and Skinner (1997) in their landmark study on learning communities provides for the following insight:â€Å"The best design will depend on [the] institutional environment and the specific disciplines to be integrated as well as the characteristics of the faculty and students who will participate.The goal is to provide a richer range of learning experiences to our students and contribute to a more vibrant and supportive campus environment for students and faculty alike† (Rasmussen & Skinner, 1997, p. 15).Regardless of the learning community model selected however, the essence of a learning community should be producing a collaborative, harmonious environment between the teachers and the students.   It should allow for greater interaction of students with their teachers an d peers.   Correlational evidence shows that students who participate in learning communities display more intellectual growth and get more out of their education than less involved students (Cross, 1998).

African American Heritage Paper Essay

This paper explores the African American heritage and also identifies the significance of nurses being culturally aware, sensitive and competent when caring for people of African American heritage. Although these terms mentioned above are used interchangeably, they have different meanings. Cultural awareness is appreciating the external or material part of the culture, such as the music, arts, and physical characteristics, and dress. Cultural sensitivity is the personal attitudes toward the culture, such as not saying things that is offensive to someone from a different ethnic or cultural background (Purnell,2013, p. 4). Cultural competence is putting it all together; by using your knowledge to provide culturally congruent care and to be able to work effectively with people in cross- cultural situations. African Americans are the second largest ethnocultural groups in the United States; however, it is one of the most misunderstood cultures. This culture is so unique because they have mixed their cultures from their different homes of origin in Africa, along with American culture. This paper overviews the history, communications, family roles, workforce issues, biocultural ecology, high-risk behaviors, pregnancy and childbearing practices, spirituality, health care practices, nutrition, and death rituals in the African American culture. It is important that nurses see themselves as becoming culturally competent when caring for African Americans, and this involves incorporating cultural desire, cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, and cultural encounter with the people of African American heritage (Campinha-Bacote, 2009). 2 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE One of the largest minority groups in the United States, African Americans culture includes the various cultural traditions of different African ethnic groups. â€Å"Data from the U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (2001) reveals that there are approximately 34,333,000 African Americans residing in the United States, representing 12. 1% of the total population† (Campinha-Bacote, 2009). They were forcibly imported into the United States as slaves from 1619 to 1860 (Purnell, 2013, p. 21). During slavery, they incorporated their culture from their homes of origin, and as a result, their culture included several cultural traditions of African ethnic groups. Many African Americans live in poverty due to discrimination and lack of proper education. Most families of African American heritage value education, but they still struggle to have equal representation in the workplace, and are more likely to work in a hazardous environment, resulting in job related diseases and illness. Due to the lower-level positions and the difficulty in achieving higher opportunities in the workplace, some African Americans continue to feel discouraged. Nurses need to address discrimination and also issues that create ethnic or racial tension in the workplace. English is the language spoken by African Americans, however, people of lower socio economical status communicate in an informal language known as African American English (AAE) (Purnell, 2013, p. 22). According to Campinha-Bacote (2009), the major problem that AAE speakers face is prejudice. Most people believe that AAE is inferior to Standard American English. As a result, African Americans who speak AAE are sometimes misinterpreted as being uneducated. Nurses should be aware not to stereotype African Americans as only speaking AAE, and also not to stereotype them as uneducated based on the way they communicate. African Americans are expressive when 3. A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE communicating and often use body languages to convey their feelings. Their expressive language and body movement can be misconstrued as anger or provocation. Nurses need to be familiar with these characteristics and not misinterpret them. As a nurse, when interacting with African Americans for the first time, be sure to address them formally, until given permission to use other names, such as their first name. The African-American family has evolved over the last two decades and still continues to evolve. A person that is brought up in a traditional nuclear family is more likely to continue that tradition. Whereas, a person that is brought up in a single parent home is more likely to continue that same tradition. Although these situations are more likely, they are not always so. To provide the most competent care, the best thing for the nurse to do would be to ask the patient in a non-judgmental way about family dynamics and also ask them what they would feel the most comfortable with when it comes to decision making for their care. The nurse should then accept this decision. Being knowledgeable about this cultural group’s family values and beliefs are crucial for providing care for the African American patient (Revell & McGhee, 2012). A high percentage of African American households are matriarchal and fall below poverty level. With that being said, it is wise for nurses to make a point of including women when discussing health care issues. Nurses also should take note when dealing with homosexual individuals in this ethnic group, not to break confidence by sharing their lifestyles with others. This information can jeopardize and cause conflicts within the family and ruin relationships. Romantic relationships of the same-sex are not totally acceptable within this culture. 4 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE As in many culture, social status is important in African American community. African Americans are often met with negative atmosphere and prejudice attitudes based on their cultural background and skin color. Assumptions are made based on AAE spoken by some as an indication of unintelligence and the lack of education. These assumptions sometimes affect employment opportunities and job promotions. Nurses should be cautious not to fall into the stereotyping African Americans based on these characteristics. African American skin color ranges from light to very dark due to the combination of a gene pool of more than 100 racial strains (Purnell, 2013, p. 25). When assessing for cyanosis in dark-skinned African Americans, be sure to pay attention to the oral mucosa or conjunctiva. When assessing for pallor, note the absence of the underlying red tones that give the skin it’s glow. Lastly, when observing for jaundice, be sure to look at the sclera of the eyes, the soles of the feet, and the palms of the hands for any yellow discoloration (25). Health care is a luxury that low socioeconomic African Americans may not be able to afford. Meeting their daily needs takes priority over what they believe to be minor health issues. Consequently, diseases that could be treatable might end up being a life- threatening situation. African Americans are family orientated, because of this; some tend to initially seek medical attention from family members rather than going to a health care professional. Health care professionals need to be aware of this and work toward teaching and distributing health information via church and community centers. Most African American women are against abortion due to religious, cultural, and moral beliefs. As a result, there is a delay in making a decision until it becomes too late. 5 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE Family support is crucial for pregnant African American women. Gichia (2000) studied and found out that African American women look for role models such as older female relatives, or if they have none, they look for someone who seemed like a mother to them, such as a neighbor. These role models can provide the pregnant woman and new mother with needed support. According to Abbyad & Robertson (2011), nurses caring for pregnant African American women need to be informed about the variety of ways in which childbirth preparation can occur, as in any other group of pregnant women. Moreover, nurses need to consider the ways in which their attitudes and behaviors send unwelcoming messages to African American women seeking prenatal care or childbirth classes. These attitudes can discourage the African American woman in seeking further care. â€Å"Culturally competent care for the childbearing African American woman includes addressing all components of care including the use of complementary and alternative medicine† (Revell, 2012). The childbirth nurse that is providing culturally competent care should be aware that the perceived norm is different for every family. African Americans are spiritual and are usually affiliated with some religious order. Historically, the church has played a major role in the life of African American culture. The church is a place where they can meet on common grounds. Faith and prayer is one of the most important attributes of Christian African Americans. They believe that God has the power to heal them, and he also has the power not to. They believe that whatever happens to them is according to God’s will. Food is very valuable in the African American culture. It symbolizes health and wealth. It is derived from African descent. When food is offered to someone, it means that the person is valued; and by offering food, they are given you something that is 6 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE valuable to them. When it comes to nutrition, some African American diets are high in cholesterol and fats. According to James (2004), â€Å"African Americans will need information on basic nutrition topics such as serving sizes and reading food labels†. Nurses that work in African American communities should be involved in programs that promote healthy food choices. These programs can specifically be developed for churches, neighborhood grocery stores, and local restaurants. â€Å"Health disparities among the African-American population include life expectancy, heart disease, hypertension, infant morality and morbidity rates, cancer, sickle cell diseases, HIV/AIDS, violence, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and asthma† (Campinha-Bacote, 2009). Unfortunately, they have the tendency to see a health care professional only when absolutely necessary. â€Å" Health is viewed as harmony with nature, whereas illness is seen as a disruption in this harmonic state due to demons† (Purnell,2013, p. 33). Recognize and support your patient cultural behaviors and believes to promote healthy interactions. In addition, always provide factual information about health practices that may not be understood due to their cultural believes and cultural differences. In conclusion, it is recommended that nurses familiarize themselves with cultural specific information in order to provide cultural competent care in African American community. Nurses should consider the following question: â€Å"In caring for African- American patients, have I asked myself the right questions. † It is important for nurses to be aware of their biases and prejudices toward African Americans. In addition, they should possess the needed skills to conduct a cultural assessment while possessing knowledge of this cultural group (Campinha-Bacote, 2009). Lastly, nurses should always 7 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE have the desire to become culturally competent not just with African American patients, but any patient that has been placed in their charge. 8 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE Resources Abbyad, C. , & Robertson, T. (2011). African American Women’s Preparation for Childbirth From the Perspective of African American Health-Care Providers. Journal Of Perinatal Education, 20(1), 45-53. doi:10. 1891/1058-1243. 20. 1. 45 Campinha-Bacote, J. (2009). Culture and diversity issues. A culturally competent model of care for African Americans. Urologic Nursing, 29(1), 49-54. Gichia, J. E, (2000), Mothers and others: African-American women’s preparation for motherhood. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 25(2), 86-91, James, D. (2004). Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: application of a culturally sensitive model. Ethnicity & Health, 9(4), 349-367. Purnell, L. D. (2009). People of African American Heritage. Guide to culturally competent health care (2nd ed. , p. 21-35). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. Revell, M. A. , & McGhee, M. N. (2012). Evolution of the African American Family. International Journal Of Childbirth Education, 27(4), 44-48. Revell, M. A. (2012). Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the African American Culture. International Journal Of Childbirth Education, 27(3), 55-59.